Chicago Style Referencing Guide

The Chicago citation system dates back to 1906, when the University of Chicago Press published The Manual of Style. Initially, it was a set of typographical rules and samples. It grew from 203 pages in its first edition to 1,026 pages in its sixteenth, becoming a comprehensive guide for citation under the Chicago system.

In 1937, Kate L. Turabian developed a style called Chicago–Turabian. By 1982, the guide became known as The Chicago Manual of Style. Today, publishers release a new edition approximately every ten years.

The Chicago system relies on footnotes or endnotes, which include full reference details and page numbers, with specific rules for repeated citations. The following summarises the documentation of references for submissions to The Modern Journal of Legal Studies – Ramallah, Palestine.

Books

Single Author

  • Format (Arabic): Author’s full name, “Book Title”, edition (if not the first), publisher, place of publication, year, page.
  • Example (Arabic): مجد نعمان عبدالله، "القانون الدولي الإنساني"، الكلية العصرية الجامعية، رام الله، فلسطين، 2023، ص 309.
  • Footnote (N): Author's First name Last name, Book Title (Place: Publisher, Year), page.
    • Example: Jens David Ohlin, Criminal Law: Doctrine, Application, and Practice (New York: Wolters Kluwer, 2016), 25.
  • Bibliography (B): Author's Last name, First name. Book Title. Place: Publisher, Year.
    • Example: Ohlin, Jens David. Criminal Law: Doctrine, Application, and Practice. New York: Wolters Kluwer, 2016.

Two Authors

  • Arabic Format: First Author's Name, Second Author's Name, “Book Title”, edition (if not the first), place of publication: publisher, year, page.
  • Example (Arabic): مجد نعمان عبدالله، محمود سلامة الشريف، "المسؤولية القانونية... "، دار الشامل للنشر والتوزيع، نابلس، فلسطين، 2024، ص 423.
  • Footnote (N): First Author’s Last name, First name, and Second Author’s First name Last name. Book Title. Place: Publisher, Year, Page.
    • Example: Feigenson, Neal, and Spiesel, Christina. Law on Display: The Digital Transformation of Legal Persuasion and Judgment. New York: NYU Press, 2009, 89.
  • Bibliography (B): First Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's Last Name and First Name. Book Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
    • Example: Feigenson, Neal, and Spiesel, Christina. Law on Display: The Digital Transformation of Legal Persuasion and Judgment. New York: NYU Press, 2009.

Three Authors

  • All three authors listed as above.

Four or More Authors

  • Arabic: First Author’s Name + "وآخرون" (et al.)., “Book Title”, edition (if any), place of publication, publisher, year, page.
  • Arabic Examples: مجد نعمان عبدالله وآخرون ، "مقدمة في القانون الدولي العام"، الكلية العصرية الجامعية ، رام الله ، فلسطين ، 2023، ص 309.
  • مجد نعمان عبدالله وآخرون ، "المنظمات الدولية"، الكلية العصرية الجامعية ، رام الله ، فلسطين ، 2023، ص 234.
  • Footnote (N): First Author's First Name and Last Name, et al. Book Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication, Page.
  • Example: Edward H. Rabin, et al. Fundamentals of Modern Property Law. Seventh edition. St. Paul, MN: Foundation Press, 2017, p. 35.
  • Bibliography (B): First Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's Last Name and First Name.  Book Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
  • Example: Rabin, Edward H., Roberta Rosenthal Kwall, Jeffrey L. Kwall, and Craig Anthony Arnold. Fundamentals of Modern Property Law. Seventh edition. St. Paul, MN: Foundation Press, 2017.

Translated Books

  • Arabic: Author’s name, “Book Title”, trans. Translator’s Name, place, publisher, year, page.
  • Example: جين أوستن، "كبرياء وتحامل"، ترجمة أحمد الجندي، دار الهلال، القاهرة، مصر، 2018، ص 75.

Theses and Dissertations

  • Format: Author’s full name, “Title”, “unpublished” or “published”, department, university, location, year, page.
  • Example (Arabic): أحمد محمد علي، "تأثير التجارة الإلكترونية..." رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، قسم إدارة الأعمال، جامعة القاهرة، 2022، ص 50.

Journal and Newspaper Articles

With Author

  • Arabic Format: Author’s name, “Article Title”, “Journal Name”, place, issue, date, page.
  • Arabic Example: علي حسن، "التحولات الاقتصادية..."، ”مجلة الاقتصاد العالمي“، بيروت، العدد 12، يناير 2023، ص 45.
  • English Format: Author's First Name and Last Name. Title of Article. Journal Name, Place of Publication, Date of Publication, Page.
  • English Example: Susan Franck. Reforming World Bank Dispute Resolution: ICSID in Context. Michigan Journal of International Law, 2023, 13.

Without Author / News Report

  • Format: Newspaper title, place, issue, date, page.
  • Example: "الأهرام"، القاهرة، العدد 10234، 20 مايو 2023، ص 5.

Electronic References

Full Information

  • Format: Author’s name, “Article Title”, Website owner, date, full URL, access date.
  • Example: محمد علي، "أحدث تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي"، موقع التكنولوجيا اليوم، 15 أبريل 2023، www.techexample.com/ai–2023، تم الدخول في 21 مايو 2023.

Partial Information

  • Format: Site name, URL, access date.
  • Example: "التكنولوجيا في التعليم"، موقع التعليم الرقمي، www.educationexample.com، تم الدخول في 20 نيسان 2023.

Repeated Citations

  • Same reference directly after:
    • Arabic books: (المرجع نفسه).
    • Foreign books: Ibid.
  • Same reference later:
    • Arabic: (Author’s name, مرجع سابق, page).
    • English: (Author’s Name, op. cit., page).

Final Reference List

  • Matches footnote/bibliography format but without page numbers.
  • Ordered alphabetically or chronologically.
  • Include author, title of reference, place of publication, publisher, date of publication.

Order of References and Sources:

  1. The Holy Qur’an
  2. Books of Hadith
  3. Laws and international agreements
  4. Arabic books
  5. Academic theses and dissertations
  6. Journals
  7. Conferences
  8. Reports
  9. Personal interviews
  10. Internet sources
  11. Foreign books